And this is why one of my many ambitions for the next few years is to write a new textbook for quantum mechanics for undergraduates, because I think that entanglement should be absolutely front and center, entanglement more than anything else is what makes the quantum world different from the classical world. This is what Louis de Broglie had in mind, and what Albert Einstein had in mind, and even what Erwin Schrödinger had in mind back in the day. 1:28:12 SC: The stuff that Charles and Spiros and I and others have done to think about the emergence of spacetime and the emergence of gravity all assumes that you can describe the emergent spacetime using locality, using locations in space as a fundamental building block, but it only works in the weak field limit of gravity, when gravity is not that strong. 0:09:08 SC: I would argue that quantum mechanics is important because it’s right as far as we know. They made a little app which splits the wave function of the universe. They were very much in conflict and Everett understood that perfectly. What you’re forgetting is that you, the experimenter, live in the universe, and the universe runs by the rules of quantum mechanics, so you obey the rules of quantum mechanics. And then there’s the up me and the down me. 1:15:57 SC: No, that’s just not right. A black hole is exactly where gravity is very strong. 1:35:52 SC: In quantum field theory, you have fields filling all of space, and these fields vibrate, and you imagine that there are modes of the field which is just a fancy way of saying vibrations of a certain wavelength, and as the universe expands, those modes expand along with it.
So Albert Einstein, of course, Neils Bohr, the godfather of quantum mechanics, they were two of the grand old men at the conference, even though they were both in their early 40s at the time. And if not, what are the major stumbling blocks? 1:21:43 RR: Or even one second ago, yeah.
I either observe the cat awake or I observe it asleep. And to me, it’s almost like imagine, we are so good at predicting the weather that we know it a full year in advance, down to the number of drops in every storm.
In other words, position determines whether two things are going to interact with each other directly or not. Yeah, it has a nice ring.
They could try to quantize gravity and there’re technical problems that immediately arose, but there’s also these conceptual problems, and one of them was if you only had at your disposal the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, then an important crucial part of quantum mechanics is that there is an observer.
0:30:07 RR: The act of observation makes it exist somewhere for that moment that you’re observing, is that fair to say? If the book has a location in space, you can follow it, it’s gonna hit the singularity, its information is not going to escape into the radiation. 0:11:30 SC: It’s just a black box. Music provides a useful laboratory in which to examine what creativity is all about — how do people become creative, what is happening in their brains during the creative process, and what kinds of creativity does the audience actually enjoy?
Great work! 0:15:40 SC: There is a procedure, there are different procedures actually, that are sort of complementary to each other, but there are ways of starting with a classical description and constructing the analogous quantum mechanical theory of it, that’s called the process of quantization. 0:15:24 SC: It did and Bohr never really understood what Einstein was saying, but he won the PR battle. Yourself getting smaller, the world around you is getting smaller, it looks to you like the world is staying the same. If you increase the volume while keeping the density of gas inside the same, the entropy goes up with the volume going up. 0:56:23 SC: Yeah, and I think that’s a perfectly valid first intuition to have, but then you gotta go through the math, and if you buy into many worlds, this current state of the universe you see around you, is just one branch of the wave function and that branch comes with what we call a weight. 1:00:08 SC: Yes, that’s right. So even if you try to excite or change a system in a certain region of space, spacetime has a geometry that adjusts to make sure that the area of the surrounding boundary is always proportional to the entropy inside. 1:09:54 RR: How did you forget to do that? 0:45:32 RR: It was within an order of magnitude. A good example of this in the quantum mechanical context is the famous Schrodinger’s cat. So the last 90 years of quantum mechanics have been taking it out for a spin without really understanding the engine. I walked halfway across town listening to this, then walked the rest of the way across town listening to the David Albert episode, now it’s noon and hot and I need to get all the way back across town Really great conversations, thank you!
So, Einstein in 1905 says, well, maybe that’s because light can only come in the form of these little discrete energy packets which we now call photons, the particles of light. 1:07:43 SC: There you go. I could invent a different state where things inside my region are highly entangled with things far away. Princípios Gerais da Mecânica Quântica.
It also seems clear that this theory is not amenable to testing, and will always be reliant on a mathematical construct. 1:11:47 RR: Which sounds better than quantum suicide, which is what it’s often called.
And so if one person’s long distance is another person’s short distance, the only way to make that 100% completely compatible is if distances can be infinitely short because speeds can be infinitely close to the speed of light without quite getting there. Now, no one knew how to reconcile the fact that Maxwell had this really good successful theory of light as waves, and now Planck and Einstein are saying light’s a particle, but okay.
You will see an awake cat or you will see an asleep cat, you will never see a combination of both. Well, one thing is there could be things beside the wave function, and that gets you in hidden variable theories. Other formulations of quantum mechanics say, “No, we don’t like that. It’s not made up, it’s not added in in any way. 0:38:04 SC: No, it could be whatever we want. A measurement happens when the quantum system becomes entangled with its environment. So, let’s knock on people’s doors and interview them, right? Jack Szostak who’s a Nobel prize-winning biologist.
The dust grain is a big massive thing, the photon is a little tiny ignorable thing, but the dust grain rather, is constantly being monitored, it’s constantly interacting with the set of all of these photons all everywhere in the universe that are bumping into it, and that constant monitoring branches the wave function of the universe, and on every one branch it will look to a very good approximation like the dust grain is following a classical trajectory. 1:14:40 SC: No. These include the New York Times bestseller The Big Picture, as well as Something Deeply Hidden, which will be published on September 10th. Wonderful.
But if you get down to the electron scale, they do. They start with the idea there’s a field in space and they quantize that idea. The idea of a global quantum wave function which includes the observer and environment seems to completely solve the problem.
It was only fairly recently done in the last couple of decades. And so he saw that his theory was a competitor to Bohr, he saw all the problems with the Copenhagen interpretation, he laid them out. Laplace, Pierre-Simon Laplace, the French mathematician and physicist, said that if there were a demon that knew everything about the current state of the universe, he could predict the future and retrodict the past with perfect accuracy.
And that was pure license to talk to anybody, and I interviewed over probably 200 people for that book. [music]. 0:34:51 SC: Exactly. This is a clip from a conversation with Sean Carroll from Nov 2019. 0:37:21 RR: It’s in all of those positions at once. I could call him up and say, “Hey, can I come visit and chat for a couple of hours? That is such a trivial experience, and that’s such a trivial factor in the way the universe is gonna unfold, whether that electron will spin up or spin down. But if that’s true, we don’t know how to describe “a point in space.” What you might finger as a single point in space around you right now might be in a different location or might not even be mappable to a single location in some different part of the wave function of the universe. In true quantum gravity, spacetime itself should be quantum.
We don’t know why. So for every possible set of locations they could both have, there’s a probability.
The end of this episode includes a bonus, a short snippet from the audio book, read by yours truly. Ann-Sophie Barwich wants to argue that we should take smell more seriously, and that doing so will give us new insights into how the brain works. So we showed that under certain very explicitly delineated assumptions, in the situation where gravity was weak, the relationship between entropy and area that defines geometry naturally led to Einstein’s equation in a purely emergent spacetime. 0:55:00 SC: I think that’d be the winner. Simply use your app's search function (type in "After On") to find & subscribe.
Rather than saying this little piece of the universe only interacts with its neighbors, you say this little piece of the universe only interacts with a small number of other pieces of the universe which we will then call its neighbors.
Everett, nor anyone else, didn’t start by saying, “Well, maybe there are many worlds; maybe that makes everything make a lot more sense.” Rather, he took the fundamental ingredients of quantum mechanics and stripped them down to their bare essences. If the book has a location in space, you can follow it, it’s gonna hit the singularity, its information is not going to escape into the radiation. This picture of a finite-dimensional number of degrees of freedom changes that and gives us a new way of thinking about it. But we wanna go from this incredibly abstract mess to the specific idea of particles moving in space and what we’re saying is that in the emergent space, the thing that makes space special is that interactions are local in it. But we do try, even when someone else wants the same thing.
This is supposed to be two synonymous ways of speaking. 0:05:48 RR: And let’s not leave out that you’re a fellow podcaster.
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