As far as we know nothing was heard from the Percies. Edward was in the centre with a small force of cavalry and infantry. From Aberystwyth Henry turned east to head towards Shrewsbury, and ap Thomas joined him on the road. He was succeeded by his young son Edward V, and as almost always happened the succession of a minor was followed by a power struggle. There were also worrying rumours that both men were planning to resist Henry's invasion.
The plan appears to have been for a series of uprisings, in Kent, the south-west and the Wiltshire-Berkshire area, all of which were to begin in October. He was also able to apply pressure on Francis II of Brittany, and in September or October Henry Tudor was forced to flee to France. Instead Richard was able to deal with each threat in turn. From 1471 until the death of Edward in 1483 Henry Tudor thus lived a rather restricted life in Brittany. Claiming the throne by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, he was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. The first, and most serious of these revolts, Lambert Simnel's revolt, broke out in 1487.
Though called to the area by the king, Thomas, Lord Stanley (later 1st earl of Derby), and Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, failed to assist the Yorkists in battle. John Howard, duke of Norfolk, was placed in charge of the vanguard which was apparently designed to intimidate Henry's men. At the start of that year the former King Henry VI was still alive, and had just been put back on the throne, while his wife Margaret of Anjou and teenage son Prince Edward were in France waiting for the right moment to return. On 30 April Richard seized control of the young king at Stony Stratford, before he could reach London, and over the next few weeks most of the Woodvilles were eliminated. The Woodvilles were unpopular, so their fate didn't upset many people. Richard's navy failed to interrupt Henry's passage, and his fleet landed at Milford Haven on 7 August 1485. Richard arrived first and was able pick his battlefield. In the following year Warwick briefly restored Henry VI to the throne, and Jasper Tudor was able to return and regain control of Henry, but in 1471 Edward IV regained the throne. Stanley would put his men in battle order and then bring them to the battlefield. - Cookies. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Henry Tudor killing King Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485. On 8 December he issued commissions of array for most English counties, the first step in raising the local levies and on 18 December he ordered a survey of the lords and gentry's military capability, asking how many men they could raise on half a days notice. They picked wrong, and the young prince was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury (4 May 1471). At first Richard's actions didn't cause much alarm, at least outside the Woodville family. He was betrayed by one of his supporters, and beheaded in front of the king at Salisbury on 2 November. The battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) was the final major battle of the Wars of the Roses, and saw the Lancastrian claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor, defeat and kill Richard III, the last of the Yorkist monarchs.
Background In the spring of 1485 Henry moved to Rouen and began to gather a fleet. One of Henry's most important tasks was to try and gain supporters in England and Wales. The first attempt to overthrow him came as early as October 1483, and involved another of his early allies, the duke of Buckingham. Lord Strange then attempted to escape from court, but was captured. The move to France worked in his favour, placing him out of Richard's reach and gaining him the active support of Charles VIII's regents. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Bosworth-Field, English Monarchs - The Battle of Bosworth, History Learning Site - Battle of Bosworth, Military Encyclopedia on the Web - Battle of Bosworth Field, 22 August 1485, John Howard, 1st duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal. Richard's regime was already seen as being overly dependent on his northern following, became increasingly narrowly based as the year progressed. Contemporary documents give us two clues for the location of the battle. Richard did achieve some successes during the year. He then advanced to Stafford, where he had an interview with Sir William Stanley. His son Edward hadn't been a healthy child, and in April he died. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It was in effect the last battle of the Wars of the Roses, and it established the Tudor dynasty on the English throne. Percy's behaviour at the battle was widely judged to have been a betrayal of Richard III, but is no evidence of an actual agreement with Henry so it is possible that the battle ended before Percy's men were actually ordered into the fight.
Richard then moved to Nottingham to wait for the upcoming invasion. Richard was held up by Sir John Cheney, but Henry was in real danger. Richard’s ally, John Howard, duke of Norfolk, was killed in the initial skirmish. Henry's banner was cast down, and his standard bearer William Brandon was killed (Polydore Vergil says he was the only one of Henry's nobles to be killed in the battle). Overall Richard is said to have had at least 10,000 men, but many of them fought without enthusiasm.
He had been made the king's protector in Edward IV's will, and so taking personal control of the king was hardly shocking. Soon after this the two Princes in the Tower disappear from sight. On 25 December 1483 Tudor went one step further and made a public oath to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward VI. Henry's archers returned fire and the two armies then advanced towards each other and a fierce melee began. Richard would be overwhelmed by all of these attacks. Richard took up a position behind the front line, with a select force of his own men. His mother was now married to Lord Stanley, Richard's steward and one of his most important supporters, but that didn't stop her plotting in favour of her exiled son. Instead Richard decided to seize the throne and in doing so he began to gain a bloodthirsty reputation that would soon lose him many supporters. 22 August would see the decisive and only battle of the campaign, and would decide which man would wear the crown. The year began with Richard's only parliament. Jasper Tudor spent most of 1471 in Wales attempting to keep the Lancastrian cause alive, but the events of 1471 had left Henry Tudor as the Lancastrian claimant to the throne and in September Jasper Tudor decided that it would be safer to seek refuge in France. Simnel's supporters eventually risked an invasion of England, but this ended in a disastrous defeat at the battle of Stoke (16 June 1487). He could have ruled as his nephew's regent for the next ten years and Henry Tudor's claim would have faded from memory. Battle of Bosworth Field, (August 22, 1485), battle in the English Wars of the Roses, fought 12 miles (19 km) west of Leicester and 3 miles (5 km) south of Market Bosworth, between the forces of the Yorkist king Richard III and the Lancastrian contender for the crown, Henry Tudor (the future Henry VII). The escape attempt went wrong when storms forced the Tudors to land in Brittany. Most of Richard's men fled from the scene, but the king himself remained behind and was killed in the fighting. Things only got worse after the death of his wife Anne Neville on 16 March 1485. Henry Tudor set sail from Harfleur on 1 August 1485. By usurping the throne he had splintered the Yorkist establishment. The Battle of Bosworth Field In December 1484 Richard began to prepare for an invasion, which was expected to come in the summer of 1485. Richard's seizure of the throne has also encouraged the Lancastrians, both at home and abroad. Amongst the many prisoners were Earl Thomas of Surrey (Norfolk's son), who was imprisoned for some time, and Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, who was very briefly imprisoned but then released without punishment. Neither of these men was a convincing claimant, and so when the Yorkists did attempt to overthrow Henry they used imposters as their figureheads. In 1396 Gaunt had married Swynford, and in 1397 Richard II had legitimized their children, giving them the family name Beaufort. He was born in 1457, while Henry VI was still fairly secure on the throne, and grew up in Wales. Henry arrived later in the day and camped a few miles away.
1484 saw both sides preparing for the inevitable clash. Richard decided to attack Henry and attempt to end the battle by killing his rival. Henry, returning from exile, landed at Milford Haven (August 7) and marched toward Richard at Leicester. Gilbert Talbot was posted on the right wing, and John Savage on the left. He had a narrow vanguard, with a line of archers in front. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Henry Percy, fourth earl of Northumberland, had only been restored to his titles and land in 1470, and effectively remained neutral throughout all of the upheavals of 1470-71. Edward IV was still fairly young. If Richard's regime had survived he would have remarried and perhaps produced an heir, but in the heated atmosphere of 1485 damaging rumours soon spread. Lincoln was killed in the battle and Simnel was captured in what is generally seen as the last battle of the Wars of the Roses. Rhys ap Thomas was offered the lieutenancy of Wales, and decided to stick to his word. Amongst the dead were the duke of Norfolk, Lord Ferrers, Robert Brackenbury and Sir Richard Radcliffe. Richard had summoned them to his muster, but didn’t entirely trust them so had ordered one of his men to accompany them. Oxford then renewed the battle, attacking in a wedge. There were a few die-hard Yorkists who refused to accept the verdict of Bosworth, but the House of York had rather torn itself apart and so they were lacking clear alternatives to Henry. On his way he was joined by Sir Walter Hungerford and Sir Thomas Bourchier, two former members of Edward IV's household. On 11 August Richard learnt that Henry had landed and one of his first moves was to summon Lord Stanley back. In most medieval battles the vanguard was actually the right wing of the army, the rearguard formed the left wing and the main battle was in the centre, but here both sides appear to have used their vanguard as a genuine front line. Duke Francis II of Brittany was an ally of Edward's, and although he refused to hand the Tudors over to Edward he did restrict their freedom.
His motives are unknown but perhaps including an increasing concern that he might share the fate of Lord Hastings. The aim of the Buckingham revolt had been to put Henry Tudor on the throne, a clear indication that most people believed that the Princes in the Tower were already dead. In 1407 the Beaufort's half-brother Henry IV had confirmed their legitimacy, but also barred them from the succession to the throne. The Stanleys probably had 3,000 men at Bosworth, under the command of Sir William Stanley, but it is possible that they had 8,000 men, with 3,000 under Sir William and the rest under Lord Stanley. Battle of Bosworth Field, (August 22, 1485), battle in the English Wars of the Roses, fought 12 miles (19 km) west of Leicester and 3 miles (5 km) south of Market Bosworth, between the forces of the Yorkist king Richard III and the Lancastrian contender for the crown, Henry Tudor (the future Henry VII).
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