There are some abbreviations that appear in the reference list and/or in citations (see Table 1): Please note that some of them are capitalized while others are not. For example, write "(Smith, Close, Jones, Clive, and Johnson 2013)" to reference an article written by all of these authors. Other than abbreviations prescribed by APA in reference list elements (e.g., “ed.” for “edition,” “n.d.” for “no date,” etc. Find out what is the full meaning of APA on Abbreviations.com! Martin Vasilev is a final year undergraduate student of Psychology at the University of Sofia, Bulgaria, and the author of some of the most popular posts on JEPS Bulletin (see for example, his post on the most common mistakes in APA style was the most read in the JEPS Bulletin in 2013 and his post on writing literature reviews, which was reprinted in the MBA Edge, a magazine for prospective postgraduate students in Malaysia). Instead, spell out the full name of the group. In the reference list entry, do not include the abbreviation for the group author. There are a few exceptions to the basic rules: In APA style, "United States: should always be spelled out when it is used as a noun or location. A recent article summarizing previous data from 110 manuscripts submitted to the Research in the Schools journal (Onwuegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2010) shows that APA style deviations related to the use of abbreviations and acronyms were found in 41.82% of the manuscripts. (inch), in order to avoid confusion. For example, a source authored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would not be abbreviated as CDC in the references list. Simply add an “s” to an abbreviation to make it plural. Crime increased 20% in the study area during this time (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], 2019). In short-form listings of political party affiliation: D-Mich., R-Ind., I-Conn. Below are the 50 AP Style state abbreviations (postal code abbreviations are in parenthesis), Alabama: Ala. (AL) Arizona: Ariz. (AZ) The first time you use a term you wish to abbreviate, write the abbreviation in brackets immediately after the term. However, when deciding whether to abbreviate or not a certain term, keep in mind that abbreviations that are introduced on a first mention in the text and appear less than 3 times thereafter are not advised.
See these examples: The patient had been diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in March of the previous year.
kgs., CDs, Eds. For example, a source authored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would not be abbreviated as CDC in the references list. – that is, e.g.
Research in the Schools, 16(2), ix–xxxvi. Bullet points and numbered lists .
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