[29] To attract her, Tezcatlipoca used his foot as bait, and Cipactli ate it.
1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, 2007–2008 Israel–Gaza conflict/merger-proposal, Prise de Jérusalem par Hérode le Grand.jpg, https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Tezcatlipoca?oldid=285096. [21] The new king would claim his spiritual nakedness symbolically through words and physical vulnerability, praising Tezcatlipoca with lines such as: "O master, O our lord, O lord of the near, of the nigh, O night, O wind...Poor am I. Monolith of Tlaltecuhtli (Earth Lord) Double-headed serpent . Karl Taube and Mary Miller, specialists in Mesoamerican Studies, write that, "More than anything Tezcatlipoca appears to be the embodiment of change through conflict. [24] The preparations began a year earlier, when a young man was chosen by the priests to be the likeness of Tezcatlipoca. In the Aztec ritual calendar the Tonalpohualli Tezcatlipoca ruled the trecena 1 Ocelotl ("1 Jaguar")—he was also patron of the days with the name Acatl ("reed").[8].
There were 19 altars in the city of Tenochtitlan.
Quetzalcoatl, however, struck Tezcatlipoca into the sea. [11] There are also portrayals of his body also being black in certain places. Smoke-and-mirrors was also worshipped in many other Nahua cities such as Texcoco, Tlaxcala and Chalco.
Tonacatecuhtli rewards them by making them lords of the heavens and stars. The main rite of Tezcatlipoca's cult took place during Toxcatl, the fifth ritual month. Common ornaments were white turkey feather headdresses, a paper loincloth, and a tzanatl stick with similar feathers and paper decorations. Filed Under: American Demons Tagged With: Aztec, Demons. Honoring Tezcatlipoca was fundamental to both the priesthood and the nobility. Tezcatlipoca (/ˌtɛzˌkætliˈpoʊkə/; Classical Nahuatl: Tezcatlipōca pronounced [teskatɬiˈpoːka][1]) was a central deity in Aztec religion, and his main festival was the Toxcatl ceremony celebrated in the month of May.
Sometimes the mirror was shown on his chest, and sometimes smoke would emanate from the mirror.
"On his installation," the new king fasted and meditated, "which included prayers in honor of Tezcatlipoca, the patron deity of the royal house". Tezcatlipoca was often described as a rival of another important god of the Aztecs, the culture hero, Quetzalcoatl. One important body of myths describes Quetzalcoatl as the priest-king of Tula, the capital of the Toltecs. [29] Chalchihuitlicue the Water Goddess then became the sun. For an in depth description and interpretation of the Toxcatl festival see Olivier (2003) Chapter 6. Gisele Díaz, Alan Rodgers (1.993) The Codex Borgia: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript. In one version of the Aztec creation account the myth of the Five Suns, the first creation, "The Sun of the Earth" was ruled by Tezcatlipoca but destroyed by Quetzalcoatl when he struck down Tezcatlipoca who then transformed into a jaguar.
Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Representations of Xipe-Totec first appeared at Xollalpan, near Teotihuacan, and at Texcoco, in connection with the Mazapan culture—that is, during the post-Classic Toltec phase (9th–12th century ad). His cult was associated with royalty, and was the subject of the most lengthy and reverent prayers in the rites of kingship, as well as being mentioned frequently in coronation speeches. He tells the couple to only eat one ear of maize apiece, and as they do so, the waters gradually recede. "He had been a warrior who was captured, and he ended his life as a warrior. For I am blind, I am deaf, I am an imbecile, and in excrement, in filth hath my lifetime been... In it he saw everything; invisible and omnipresent, he knew all the deeds and thoughts of humans. At the top he was sacrificed by the removal of his heart. ... Tezcatlipoca ([teskatɬiˈpoːka]) was a central deity in Aztec mythology. Although the exact definition of the momoztli is unknown, with definitions varying from "mound", "stone seat" and "temple", there is an overall consensus that it is a general holy place to worship the gods, specifically mentioned as "his [Tezcatlipoca's] viewing place".[15].
Black Tezcatlipoca - Codex Borgia Tezcatlipoca (“smoking mirror”) represents conflict and change in Aztec mythology. Eighty steps led to a landing twelve or fourteen feet wide. Due to the lack of surviving images, some have chosen to describe Tezcatlipoca as the 'invisible god'. The pressure of the northern immigrants brought about a social and religious revolution, with a military ruling class seizing power from the priests.
Tlaloc, the god of rain, became the sun, but Quetzalcoatl sent down fire which destroyed the world again, except for a few humans who survived who were turned into birds. [9] The preparations began a year earlier, when a young man was chosen by the priests, to be the likeness of Smoke-and-mirrors. These children would then have their skin painted black and be adorned with quail feathers in the image of the god. Why Is There a “Problem” of Evil? For a discussion of the many interpretations of the meaning of the name Smoke-and-mirrors see Olivier (2003) pp. The color black is strongly associated with Tezcatlipoca and he is often portrayed as having horizontal bands across his face especially in black and yellow, but the many different codices vary on which two colors from site to site. [25] Tezcatlipoca overthrew Quetzalcoatl, forcing him to send a great wind that devastated the world, and the people who survived were turned into monkeys.
"Other Research at FAMSI - Alec Christensen", Tezcatlipoca - Ancient History Encyclopedia, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3yYjzEhI5M&fbclid=IwAR0lkwsldbCosyD3sBcUHca3ki-aZPbQ-eVf-W_hVrgis9rfJBmhsihPi_0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tezcatlipoca&oldid=982747630, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 October 2020, at 02:31. "Sacrificial victims mounted the bloody steps of the pyramid with dignity and pride.
This marriage, occurring after a full year of abstinence, symbolized a period of fertility which followed the drought. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. A central figure of the Popol Vuh was the god Tohil whose name means "obsidian" and who was associated with sacrifice.
This individual was called the ixiptla or "deity impersonator" and was chosen to ceremonially represent the god to the Aztec people.
[7], When depicted he was usually drawn with a black and a yellow stripe painted across his face. In what manner shall I act for the governed, for the vassals (macehualtin)? As discussed above, Aztec folklore is rife with parallels, much of the time depicted in deities such as Tezcatlipoca.
Smoke-and-mirrors overthrew Quetzalcoatl when he sent a great wind that devastated the world, and what people who survived were turned into monkeys.
Tezcatlipoca was also honoured during the ceremony of the 9th month, when the Miccailhuitontli "Little Feast of the Dead" was celebrated to honour the dead, as well as during the Panquetzaliztli "Raising of Banners" ceremony in the 15th month.
Tlaloc rules over the third creation, the sun of rain, but this is destroyed by Quetzalcoatl in a rain of fire. He would marry four young women, and spent his last week singing, feasting and dancing. [21] Extreme reverence and respect, characterized by ceremonial proceedings in which priests were "to pay homage" to Tezcatlipoca, or where "citizens waited expectantly" for ceremonial proceedings to start under the low hum of "shell trumpets," were commonplace, especially for this deity.
We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Most were sung to praise the highest deities, including Tezcatlipoca, who was often addressed as the "Giver of Life." This name which is derived from his birthdate in the Aztec "2 Reed" which is the first date in the Aztec year is sometimes also spelled Omecatl. Quetzalcoatl replaced him and started the second age of the world and it became populated again. On the appointed feast day, he climbed the steps of a small temple while breaking flutes that he had played.
Outside of Tenochtitlan, the main centre of Quetzalcoatl's cult was Cholula, on the Puebla plateau. The vowel transliterated here as [i] may in fact have been long or followed by a glottal stop which is sometimes written as an
He is often shown with his right foot replaced with an obsidian mirror or a bone—an allusion to the creation myth in which he loses his foot battling with the Earth Monster. It is the black Tezcatlipoca that most Aztec myths refer to. His name in the Nahuatl language is often translated as "Smoking Mirror"[2] and alludes to his connection to obsidian, the material from which mirrors were made in Mesoamerica and which was used for shamanic rituals.
For a summary of Smoke-and-mirrorss epithets and their siginificance see Olivier (2003) Chapter 1. The legend of Huitzilopochtli is recorded in the Mexicayotl Chronicle. Each temple had a statue of the god for which copal incense was burned four times a day. He never offered human victims, only snakes, birds, and butterflies. Tezcatlipoca's nagual, his animal counterpart, was the jaguar and his jaguar aspect was the deity Tepeyollotl ("Mountainheart").
The first century of the Toltec civilization was dominated by the Teotihuacan culture, with its inspired ideals of priestly rule and peaceful behaviour. Codex Borgia "On his installation," the new king fasted and meditated, "which included prayers in honor of Tezcatlipoca, the patron deity of the royal house". In one version of the Aztec creation account[19] the myth of the Five Suns, the first creation, "The Sun of the Earth" was ruled by Tezcatlipoca but destroyed by Quetzalcoatl when he struck down Tezcatlipoca who then transformed into a jaguar. For a discussion of the many interpretations of the meaning of the name Tezcatlipoca see Olivier (2003) pp. His name in the Nahuatl language is often translated as "Smoking Mirror"[2] and alludes to his connection to obsidian, the material from which mirrors were made in Mesoamerica which were used for shamanic rituals and prophecy. [10] However, the fact that many images are difficult to identify as one god or another does not mean that no generalizations can be made about Tezcatlipoca's appearance. By Aztec times (14th–16th century ad), Tezcatlipoca's manifold attributes and functions had brought him to the summit of the divine hierarchy, where he ruled together with Huitzilopochtli, Tlaloc, and Quetzalcoatl. [17] They would also cover the sick and newly appointed king in a similar manner with a black ointment to encourage an association with the god. [20] There were several smaller temples dedicated to Tezcatlipoca in the city, among them the ones called "Tlacochcalco" and "Huitznahuatl". Tlaloc, the god of rain, then became the sun. [13], Many of the temples now associated with Tezcatlipoca are built facing East-West, as Olivier quotes Felipe Solis: "the sacred building of the war god [Tezcatlipoca] was in direct relation with the movement of the sun, in the same manner of the Great Temple was, their façades being towards the West". Beyond it stood a wide, long chamber the size of a great hall...".
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