Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. His commitment to the interface between science and policy has led to his testimony to both House and Senate Committees on the re-authorization of the Endangered Species Act. 1998). Water quality is adversely affected by pollutants present in surface runoff and the atmosphere. © 1996 - 2020 National Geographic Society. Build better roads, 400-kilometer-wide slash of forest destruction, over 50,000 kilometers of new roads have been built, plummeted by two-thirds in the last decade, India’s nervousness about its disputed northern border with China, already-settled lands that support relatively unproductive farms or grazing lands, new or improved roads can help farmers get access to better farming technologies, such as affordable fertilizers and modern crop varieties, and transport their crops to urban markets much more efficiently and cheaply, by mid-century, global food needs will roughly double, 1 billion hectares of additional farmland, farming an area the size of South America, and grazing an area the size of Africa. The National Geographic Society is a global nonprofit organization that uses the power of science, exploration, education and storytelling to illuminate and protect the wonder of our world. 2004). 7 millions dollars. Topics. A relevant measure of the genetic component is allelic diversity, a measure of its structure is heterozygosity, and a measure of its functioning is gene flow. Between 1829 and 1841, for example, the amount of wheat delivered along the Erie Canal rose from 3,640 bushels to one million bushels. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? The abiotic components consist of hydrological and geomorphological processes, chemicals, and such disturbances as landslides, climate and weather. For the second question, the committee used the phrase “ecological condition” for “ecosystem structure and functioning.” Because most information on road effects is given in terms of ecological structure and. All phases of road development—from construction and use by vehicles to maintenance—affect physical and chemical soil conditions, water flow, and air and water quality, as well as plants and animals. The nature of ecological interactions at various scales has been the subject of much scientific debate. Over the past two decades, the Federal Highway Administration and state transportation agencies have increasingly recognized the importance of the effects of transportation on the natural environment. The resulting growth in productivity was staggering. Little information has been reported at the national scale on species richness, nonnative plants at roadsides, and road-related mortality of wildlife.
1991, Brandenburg 1996). 1984; Kerri et al. For questions about using the Copyright.com service, please contact: Loading stats for Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads... Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. Roads interact with plants, animals, water, sediment, and other ecological attributes in ways that extend beyond the road edge (Table 3-3). 2003; NRC 1996, 2004), and they can affect surface waters in many ways. In a recent article in the leading journal Nature, my colleagues and I presented a ‘global roadmap’ that attempts to distinguish between areas where roads should and should not go. 2003, NRC 2003). They are created to facilitate access to natural resources, to connect human communities, to move goods to markets, and to move people to work. Gina Borgia, National Geographic Society The barrier effect for some species is less related to traffic than to habitat changes (road-forest edges and gap creation caused by roads). (2004) used genetic analyses to show that a culvert was not a migration barrier for the endangered European bullhead (Cottus gobio), but Schaefer et al. In some cases, the roads are built to support the new activities and, in other cases, the roads lead to the additional development. Integrating environmental considerations into all phases of transportation is an important, evolving process. A major impact of roads is related to their use—that is, traffic. 2003. Hydraulic jump upstream and outlet drop downstream create an ever-steeper waterfall and deeper plunge pool. For the biotic component, reduced genetic structure related to barrier effects on animal movement probably would be manifested over a longer period (months and decades) and have effects at a broader spatial scale (watershed and eco-regions) than most abiotic effects. structures and facilities necessary for the functioning of a society, such as roads. As a result, more research is needed on ecological effects that occur over large areas or long periods. Spatial accretions occur as structures increase in distribution, such as the spread of kudzu. Areas affected by salt runoff also demonstrate a shift in plant community structure when salt-sensitive plant species are replaced by halophytic species, such as cattails and common reed grass (Environment Canada 2003). In 1827, a group of Baltimore, Maryland, businessmen formed a chartered corporation to build the first major railway between their city and the Ohio River.
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